Staffing Problem at Lovely India Restuarant

Question: This report has been mentioned by the head of Department of the business personnel at the Waiariki organization of innovation, David Scadden and the course speaker of applied administration, Esther Chaderopa. Motivation behind this report is to distinguish the administrative issues inside the Lovely India café and set up a task proposition for the exploration of conceivable arrangement. This exploration will help Lovely India eatery to improve their administrations. Answer: 1.0 Introduction The lodging business is the quickest developing industry over the world and accomplished an aggregate of $550 billion dollars in FY2016 (Turner Guilding, 2014). The absolute number of inns in New Zealand is over 10,000 and its yearly income of this lodging industry in New Zealand has earned an aggregate of more than $4.2.billion in the year 2015, which is 107% more prominent than the offer of the inn business in the money related year of 2014 (Hospitality NZ, 2016). In this examination, the scientist stresses on the Lovely India Restaurant that serves bona fide and colorful Indian cooking. They have a wide scope of Rice menus, veggie lover Delights, fish, entre, side dishes and sweets (Menus - Lovely India (Rotorua, Rotorua), 2016). They likewise have diverse food dependent on the segment factors like age gathering. They have diverse reparation for kids like chicken strips, French fries and infant combos (Menus - Lovely India (Rotorua, Rotorua), 2016). Kotas, (2014) notice that occas ionally it is hard to track down proficient working faculty for the inn business, who can get ready food as indicated by the necessity of the client consistently. This part will cover the basis of the exploration, its target and research question alongside the venture plan for directing the examination. Moreover, the writing audit with respect to the exploration point staffing issue at flawless India café will be talked about which is trailed by the examination approach that causes the scientist to achieve the whole investigation. 1.1 Rationale 1.1.1 What is the issue? The issue is the enlistment in the occasional time when the interest for delectable and sound food is in much interest. The absence of productive workers will influence the benefit of the association. In addition, in an inn industry where the arrangement of food to the customer is one of the significant employments, it is significant for the concerned association to keep everything in stock. Accordingly, another issue is the deficient load of food things and vital staffs. Thirdly, suitable assignment to beneficial workers is another issue that a supervisor of the lodging business is confronting. 1.1.2 Why it is an issue? The inaccessibility of required number of representatives and gourmet specialists in the lodging business is the motivation behind why the inn is as a rule late to convey the request the clients. This late conveyance will cause the customer to baffle towards the working technique of the lodging and the quantity of the client will be decreased. In addition, the absence of a specialist individual in the fitting position is another explanation of the lackluster showing of the inn as there is nobody to take the correct choice and use the nature of the current workers for better efficiency. Finally, even the nearness of equipped individual won't be advantageous for the business as enough stock is absent. 1.1.3 Why it is a difficult at this point? The result of the referenced issue is that it not just influences the efficiency of the concerned inn however the gainfulness additionally gets influenced. The current workers don't comprehend the significance of their quality for the improvement of the association. A few people are taken abrupt leave without illuminating and consequently, the chief face issue to keep up the base number of cooks and gourmet experts. Subsequently, they need to select impermanent cook. These cook needs understanding and information on taking care of the kitchen just as clients. Lacking stock outcomes in inaccessibility of a wide scope of food things, which brings about the arrangement of some specific dishes to the clients. The less income of the lodging makes it hard for the director to pay for their full-time workers. 1.1.4 What the examination study shed light on? The examination will concentrate on the administrative issues for which the Lovely Indian Restaurant is confronting issue alongside the critical thinking models with the executives idea so the concerned business can defeat the downsides for a fitting exploration study. 1.2 Research objective To assess various elements that influences the exhibition of the Lovely India eatery To break down the impact of the variables that outcomes in the loss of the Lovely India eateries To distinguish driving reason for the issue To discover down to earth arrangement of the developed issue 1.3 Research question What are the various elements that influence the exhibition of the Lovely India café? What is the impact of the variables that outcomes in the loss of the Lovely India café? What is the essential driver of the issue? What are the viable answers for conquered the advanced issue? 1.4 Project Plan Time span Diagram Number Undertaking Name Term Start Finish Ancestors 1 Research proposition for staffing issues in Lovely India Restaurant 155 days Tue 6/14/16 Mon 1/16/17 1.1 Characterizing the venture proposition 30 days Tue 6/14/16 Mon 7/25/16 1.1.1 Determination of the examination point 15 days Tue 6/14/16 Mon 7/4/16 1.1.2 Finishing the examination point 15 days Tue 7/5/16 Mon 7/25/16 3 1.2 Writing audit 30 days Tue 7/26/16 Mon 9/5/16 1.2.1 Determination of the writing of the perspectives by various specialists 10 days Tue 7/26/16 Mon 8/8/16 4 1.2.2 Summing up the surveys of the writing multi month Tue 8/9/16 Mon 9/5/16 6 1.3 Research procedure 14 days Tue 9/6/16 Fri 9/23/16 1.3.1 Recognizable proof of the fitting systems for executing the examination proposition 2 days Tue 9/6/16 Marry 9/7/16 7 1.3.2 Usage of the reasonable research systems for directing the examination venture 12 days Thu 9/8/16 Fri 9/23/16 9 1.4 Information assortment 22 days Mon 9/26/16 Tue 10/25/16 1.4.1 Distinguishing the essential and optional wellsprings of information 2 days Mon 9/26/16 Tue 9/27/16 10 1.4.2 Defining the exploration addresses identified with the examination theme 10 days Marry 9/28/16 Tue 10/11/16 12 1.4.3 Leading the studies and meetings for obtaining helpful data 10 days Marry 10/12/16 Tue 10/25/16 13 1.5 Information examination 26 days Marry 10/26/16 Marry 11/30/16 1.5.1 Choosing suitable strategies for breaking down the information being procured all the while 5 days Marry 10/26/16 Tue 11/1/16 14 1.5.2 Actualizing the subjective and quantitative strategies for breaking down the data 1 day Marry 11/2/16 Marry 11/2/16 16 1.5.3 Summing up the data from the examination of the that being gathered all the while multi month Thu 11/3/16 Marry 11/30/16 17 1.6 Assessment of the group and task 3 days Thu 12/15/16 Fri 12/16/16 1.6.1 Recognizing the functionalities and obligations of the exploration group in the task 1 day Thu 12/15/16 Thu 12/15/16 18 1.6.2 Assessing the results of the exploration venture 2 days Fri 12/16/16 Mon 12/19/16 20 1.7 Last accommodation multi month Tue 12/20/16 Mon 1/16/17 21 Table 1: Time outline for the examination proposition (Source: Created by Author) 1.5 Literature Review Enlistment of the proficient representatives: One of the issues that are looked by human asset in lodging industry is the enrollment of the gifted workers. Inn industry needs a gifted individual, who can deal with the working strategy of coking distinctive food as per their client's taste (Boella Goss-Turner, 2013). These issues are primarily raised when the slow time of year is going on and the current staffs apply long leaves for get-aways. In such circumstance HR now and again need to worker frontlineas there are numerous jobless individual who are searching for low maintenance occupations. Consumes et al., (2013) additionally portray that HR likewise faces issue for surveying the foundation of the representative before enlisting them. In this way, up-and-comers must be chosen from rumored college and hospitability universities so they can very much aware of their experience and ought not employ seasonal workers with unaddressed addictions. Compelling relational relationship onboarding process: Yeung et al., (2016) referenced that deciding group's interest is critical for defeated the surprising practices of their staffs and subsequently building up a viable relational relationship with their representative beginning from the very first moment. This makes the administrator to look what is their interest and what they have to work with capability in the work environment. Carelessness of which brings about transient representative, who will additionally searching for different chances. Mohsin et al., (2015) delineate that if the prerequisite of the staffs will be satisfied, they will work effectively at their desire. Maintenance of capable worker: Riley, (2014) delineate that a few people can deal with their activity duty with effectiveness. Then again Lin et al. (2013) exhibit that some have the initiative quality to complete the work in a proper manner. In this manner, these workers must be held by the association as these faculty can

Poverty fighting in Saudi Arabia and in USA

Presentation Poverty is a significant worldwide scourge influencing billions of individuals around the globe. Both created and creating nations experience neediness related issues. As per examine on world demography, there are more than three billion individuals who get by on under $2.50 per day around the globe. This populace speaks to practically 50% of the total populace. Furthermore, the GDP of roughly forty seven poor nations is not exactly the riches claimed by seven most extravagant nations in the world.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Poverty battling in Saudi Arabia and in USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These measurements obviously outline how imbalance in asset dispersion among countries has kept on influencing the expectations for everyday comforts of individuals. In understanding the idea of neediness, it is essential to twofold underscore the way that destitution cuts over the worldwide screen, going from Africa to America t hrough the Arab world. As such, it is an issue that pretty much every country attempts to address consistently (Rosen Gayer, 2010). In view of the contrary effect of neediness, there is no uncertainty that the desire of each pioneer is to battle this scourge for all time so as to increase the living expectations of individuals. Thusly, there are preventive projects which have been received in many nations. This report plates a portion of the neediness counteraction programs that have been embraced by Saudi Arabia and the United States in managing a worldwide issue, undermining the lives of billions of individuals around the globe. A section from basically concentrating on preventive projects, the report further integrates reasons for destitution in the two nations along with the financial effect of the proposed measures programs. Destitution in Saudi Arabia When a great many people consider Saudi Arabia, greater part are generally blurred with the suspicion that the nation must be a mazingly rich dependent on the way that it is the world’s driving oil maker. Saudi Arabians are hence connected with rich expectations for everyday comforts described by most recent American vehicles, elevated level of innovation, creator brands and style and incalculable high class shopping centers around the nation (Rosen Gayer, 2010). This way of thinking conveys a great deal of weight despite the fact that the expectations for everyday comforts for most Saudi Arabians negate it. It brings up the issue of how the nation profits by oil based commodities broadly spread in the nation. Would this be able to be utilized to increase the living expectations of a large number of its kin moping in neediness? Because of the nearness of oil in the nation like in most Arabic countries, a great number of Saudi Arabians comprehend the significance of carrying on with a not too bad way of life. The legislature has altogether put resources into battling destitution by starting projects th at target mitigating the life of its kin (Ramady, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both human services and instruction are sans given of charge to Saudi Arabians by the legislature. Be that as it may, history has ceaselessly enlisted low enlistment in instruction organizations, prompting a higher pace of absence of education in the nation than one would anticipate. Besides, all Saudis who have accomplished the period of adulthood are qualified for a land parcel from the legislature and an advance to empower them build a house and build up an establishment for their life. In the same way as other different nations around the globe, Saudi Arabia has encountered vacillations in financial execution and security. Its most noteworthy GDP per capita was in late 1970s and mid 1980s. This acknowledgment was for the most part ascribed to high oil costs, prompting giga ntic income from oil deals. The expectations for everyday comforts of a great many people were additionally excellent as each individual was esteemed at a GDP of US$16,650 in the year 1981. Sadly, this pattern didn't proceed as the costs of oil radically fell the world over, bringing about financial stagnation (Ramady, 2010). Combined with Saudi Arabia’s fall in oil creation, the GDP accepted low figures as individuals battled to adapt to the circumstance that was prompting poor expectations for everyday comforts. By late 1980s, the nation recorded a GDP of US$5,500. With different variables becoming an integral factor like the Gulf War that prompted the ascent in oil costs, Saudi Arabia experienced quantifiable financial development indeed. Therefore, it recorded US$9,000 as GDP in the year 1999. Despite the fact that Saudi Arabia has an across the board social security net, imbalance in asset conveyance and allotment has enlarged disdain among dominant part of its needy ind ividuals. Continuously 1999, the National Commercial Bank showed that out of the twenty million residents, abundance of the country was being constrained by just a single hundred and twenty moguls. This national riches that was idea to profit the whole populace similarly was assessed at US$400 billion. Because of this slanted disclosure, 20% of men in the nation, extending between the age of twenty and twenty nine years needed business. This saw most family units experience extraordinary strain in meeting their money related necessities. In reacting to the circumstance that was getting progressively obvious, the administration started programs planned for making work for Saudis in the late 1990s. Somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2004, there were fruitful methodologies whose chief target was â€Å"Saudiization† of the work power (Ramady, 2010). Besides, there are a few enactments that have been embraced requiring five percent of the populace to be a piece of the private sect or.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Poverty battling in Saudi Arabia and in USA explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More To accomplish this objective, most Saudi firms are required to have at any rate five percent of workers being comprised of Saudi residents. As such, the administration has stayed concentrated on constraining odds of work for outsiders and expanding open doors for neighborhood residents. A portion of the measures which have been joined incorporate nonrenewal of work allows and raising visa charges that are to be paid by bosses before recruiting outsiders. Different projects target guaranteeing that more residents select for training to battle significant levels of absence of education and making medicinal services progressively reasonable among more residents (Ramady, 2010). Neediness counteraction in Saudi Arabia As referenced above, destitution stays a significant issue influencing the individuals of Saudi Arabia. Radiating from i nterweaved factors like inconsistent asset sharing, absence of education and legislative issues, the administration has stayed centered at building up procedures and projects, which target relief of the effect of destitution and bringing down its heightening rate among Saudis (Ramady, 2010). This section of the report inspects a portion of the ventures that have gone to be a wellspring of trust in numerous individuals who have figured out how to make due under close money related cutoff points. One of these projects is the social protection plan. This is considered as the most established program that was started to lighten the expectations for everyday comforts of Saudis. The power behind this foundation was the Royal family through a pronouncement and endeavors from a few workplaces in the nation. The primary point of this program was to advance the expectations for everyday comforts of poor and destitute individuals in Saudi Arabia through annuities. Basic recipients of the activ ity incorporate however not restricted to vagrants, impaired people and powerless ladies (United Nations, 2002). The program additionally offers social assistance to debilitated individuals, groups of detainees and those influenced by calamities. Also, the social organization runs beneficial ventures, which empower destitute individuals to meet their every day needs. Good cause associations are additionally regular in Saudi Arabia. These willful associations for the most part include Saudis who are principally keen on accomplishing social work. In endeavoring to improve the expectations for everyday comforts of individuals, good cause are associated with a wide scope of exercises including month to month help, budgetary help to recently wedded people, help to patients in clinics in homes and emergency clinics, foundation of neighborliness homes, helping the vagrants and disabled and care for the older (United Nations, 2002). As a rule, the projects are planned for enlarging social t urn of events and improving the expectations for everyday comforts of poor families by tending to existing problems.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The administration has likewise been a key player in the administration of neediness in Saudi Arabia. Since the improvement of the social protection organization, the legislature keeps up its help and duty by guaranteeing that assets are designated during national budgetary portion. Other than this assignment, the sum allotted has kept on expanding up to multiple times since the office was set up. The social protection assignment increase ran somewhere in the range of 42% and 38%. In the year 2002, the all out cause esteem was 119,979,410 Saudi Riyal (United Nations, 2002). In reacting to the circumstance, the Ministry of Labor offers 50,000 Saudi Riyals to people who meet all requirements to be in fact debilitated. This methodology is planned for permitting debilitated individuals to run organizations and win a living. Furthermore, the dispatch of a retirement framework by the Saudi Arabian government was profoundly commended as one of the methods of thinking about the old in the fr amework. The plan permits retirees to get a sensible sum from the administration to permit them have a typical existence in the wake of resigning from the common assistance. As indicated by the plan, government workers are deducted 9% of their compensation, which is added to 2% of the government’s spending plan (United Nations, 2002). This cash is given as full pay after retirement with the most reduced worker getting 1,500 Saudi Riyals. This applies to thos

3 Ways to Write a Great Personal Statement for College!

3 Ways to Write a Great Personal Statement for College! (This article has been updated to reflect the new 650-word limit for the Common Application) The New York Times has been rife this season with articles about the college application essay.   The Common Application’s newly reinstated 650-word guideline is the topic of much conversation, as are general themes and strategies for the personal statement. It is now early November.   Some early application deadlines have come and gone, and November 15 deadlines are around the corner.   Is your high school senior still stuck or struggling with his or her personal statement? Many people, not just college applicants, have a hard time writing about themselves.   Yet that’s exactly what you need to do when writing a personal statement.  No matter how much you might not like it, your personal statement is about you.   There’s really no way around it. Today I will provide some assistance and resources to help any college applicant to get those 650 words written. 1.   Relax!   Have fun! “It’s all about loosening up,”   says a California college professor in Crafting an Application Essay That ‘Pops’, a New York Times article which reported on the recommendations of 5,000 admissions officers and counselors who gathered at the latest NACAC conference.   I couldn’t agree more. To help students have fun with their personal statements, Stanford University has come up with an interesting twist:   They ask applicants to write a letter to their future freshman roommates. Here are some samples, quoted in the article, of how students approached the essay: “If you want to borrow my music, just ask. If you want to borrow my underwear, just take them.” “I eat ice cream with a fork, and I drink orange juice right after I brush my teeth just for the sour taste.” “If you have anything other than a Dodgers poster on the wall, I will tear it down.” Note that all these lines are written in the first person â€" unfortunately to some, a required element of writing about yourself.   And note that all the lines are unique.   It’s unlikely that two applicants would have written the same thing. Here’s the key to writing a great essay:   Write something no one else could have written. If that sounds like a daunting task, loosen up!   Take a cue from Stanford’s essay question, no matter what topic you choose to write about.   All you have to do is tell stories about yourself. 2. How NOT to Start your College Application Essay One common pitfall students fall into is trying to write an essay about their reasons for applying to school, instead of simply telling a story.   One of my recent clients started her essay to graduate school with, “I am applying to the XX school for several reasons.”  I coached her to simply start telling her story.   This approach made the project a lot easier, and made her essay a lot more interesting! Here’s the start of an essay that meets this requirement: When I went to Fall Out Boy’s Chicago radio show, there was the comment from the drummer, “The girl from New York is here.”   When I fought my way to the front of the crowd in Florida, there was the bassist’s point of his finger at me as he mouthed one of my favorite lyrics: “I still hate you.” This opening line works because it tells a story no one else could tell.   It brings us into a world unique to the applicant.   And it sets us up to think something interesting is going to happen in this essay.   The reader is compelled to read the next line. Contrast this to an alternate version of the essay that might have read, “Music is one of my passions, and because of that I attend a lot of rock concerts.   My favorite band is Fall Out Boy.” You might laugh, but version two is the way many college essays read.   Or, to avoid boring the committee, applicants swing the other way:   “Raindrops heated by the flashing lights above, falling abundantly and without end, singeing my hair, my skin, my eyes…” Here’s a tip:   If you are not a brilliant creative writer, just stick to the facts.   They will set you free. 3. Doing it in 650 Words The Common Application now sets a 650-word limit for a college application essay.   The more you stick to a story â€" a story that is directly linked to the point you want to make in your essay â€" the easier it will be to stay within that limit and to knock the socks off the admissions committee! The New York Times’ “The Choice” blog provides spot-on advice for how to stay succinct in Advice on Whittling Your Admissions Essay.   Read this article immediately if you are over the limit and unsure of how to cut your writing down to size! You might also gain some breathing room from Matt Flegenheimer’s October 28, 2011 article, College Application Essay as Haiku?   For Some, 500 Words Aren’t Enough. Need Help with your Personal Statement for College? If you’re still stuck, panicked, or unsure, consider getting some help.   The Essay Expert’s Ivy-educated consultants are skilled in working with students to craft essays that say more than you might even imagine can be said in 650 words.   Just try us!

How to Withdraw From College the Right Way

Once youve made the difficult decision to withdraw from college, the first thing on your mind is likely to get away from campus as soon as possible. Unfortunately, moving too quickly may cause you to forget a few important tasks, which can prove both costly and detrimental. So, just what do you need to do to make sure youve covered all of your bases? Approaching this decision the right way will save you difficulties in the future. Talk to Your Academic Adviser   Your first stop should be to meet with your academic adviser—in person. Even though it might seem easier to send an email, this kind of decision warrants an in-person conversation. Will it be awkward? Maybe. But spending 20 minutes having a face-to-face conversation can save you hours of mistakes later. Talk to your adviser about your decision and ask the correct way to let your institution know youd like to withdraw. Talk to the Financial Aid Office The official date of your withdrawal will likely have a major impact on your finances. If, for example, you withdraw early in the semester, you might need to pay back all or part of any student loans you received to cover school expenses. Additionally, any scholarship funds, grants, or other monies you received might need to be repaid. If you withdraw late in the semester, your financial obligations might be different. Therefore, meeting with someone in the financial aid office about your choice to withdraw can be a smart, money-saving decision. Let the financial aid officer know your intended withdrawal date and ask how this will affect the money you have paid or loans youve received so far. Your financial aid officer can also let you know when you will need to begin repaying loans you received in prior semesters. Talk to the Registrar In addition to the conversations you have with school administrators, you will likely need to submit something in writing about your reasons for withdrawing and your official date of withdrawal. The registrars office might also need you to complete paperwork to make your withdrawal official. Since the registrars office also usually handles transcripts, you will want to make sure your records are clear so youll have no difficulty obtaining copies of your transcripts and official documents in the future. After all, if youre thinking of going back to school or applying for a job, you dont want your transcripts to indicate that you failed your courses because you didnt get your official withdrawal paperwork completed correctly. Talk to the Housing Office If youre living on campus, youll also have to let the housing office know about your decision to withdraw. Youll want to get a final determination of fees for the semester as well as costs for cleaning and preparing the room for another student. The housing office will also be able to give you the official deadline for removing all of your belongings. Lastly, ask for the name of the person to whom you should return your keys. Be sure to get a receipt to document the date and time that you turn over your room and keys. You dont want to be charged for a locksmith simply because you returned your keys to the wrong individual. Talk to the Alumni Office You dont have to graduate from an institution to be considered an alumnus. If youve attended, youre eligible for services through the alumni office. Its a good idea to stop by the alumni office and introduce yourself before you leave campus. When you visit the alumni office, leave a forwarding address and get information on alumni benefits which may include everything from job placement services to discounted health insurance rates. Even if youre leaving school without a degree, youre still part of the community and youll want to stay informed about how your institution can support your future endeavors.

Black People And The American Revolution - 1404 Words

Throughout history, black people have been oppressed. As far back to the Middle Passage and American Revolution. In this essay, I am going to investigate the ways black people resisted their ill-treatment. I will do this by investigating different time periods between the Middle Passage and the American Revolution so that we may find trends. From my investigations, we see in what ways and for what reasons their resistance varied by their time and location in history. Additionally, we will be able to see how their resistance calmed as they became more familiar to the land, and as they began to see America as home. In the Middle Passage, Africans were captured and sold by other Africans of their native land. They were then packed on a ship as if they were cargo. The conditions on that ship were unsanitary and of poor life quality, that many were struck with various illnesses. When many of the slaves aboard felt their growing despair, they attempted to resist their oppression by ending their lives so that they may mess with the slave business. This is evident in The Making of African American, pg. 63, where we read that: â€Å"Some slaves...were determined to destroy themselves. They waiting the right moment and threw themselves into the sea and the waiting sharks. When the crew--determined to protect its valued cargo--blocked the way with nets and other barriers, slaves starved themselves.† This quote shows us that during the beginnings of slavery, at the time of the MiddleShow MoreRelatedThe Market Revolution Affected The Liberty Of Native Americans948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Market Revolution drastically increased industry in the United States. Its emphasis on economic development caused people to limit the rights of others for the sake of expansion and progress. 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Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters Free Essays

string(64) " which relax them that people facing the problem of depression\." ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods: A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion: Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words: Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as ‘nonprescription’ or ‘over the counter’ (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctor’s through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component. Support of self-care is seen as give patients’ every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects. Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues. To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health. Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him. We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. You read "Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters" in category "Essay examples" Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotions Self-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people. This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self m edication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents. The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,  herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practice According to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice. Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female. Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire. For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is descri bed as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens. According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor advise; this incident observed in every developing nations. Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youth’s information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug information According to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the fi rst year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication. Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medica l undergraduates has not been conducted. The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients’ every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the W orld Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state. Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines. The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers. Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preferen ce of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience. Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products. Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square. According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 29. 354| 0. 007| Reject| SELF MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 11. 48| 0. 321| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 16. 431| 0. 37| Accept| HIGH FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 12. 461| 0. 132| Accept| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 6. 053| 0. 195| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| DANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, Ethiopia Journal health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11. Carmel M, Hughes; McElnay, James C; Fleming, Glenda F. , (2001), Bene? ts and risks of self medication, Drug Safety, Vol 24, No 14, pp 1027-1037. Fadare Joseph O Igbiks Tamuno, (2011), Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria, Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol 3, No 5, pp 217-220. Ghosh Sourav, Vikas, Vimal, et al, (2010), Evaluation of the practice of self medication among college students in west Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-18. Haider S, Thaver IH, (1995), Self medication or self care: implication for primary health care strategies, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 45, No11, pp 297-298. Hussain Azhar, Asifa Khanum,(2008), Self medication among university students of Islamabad, Pakistan- a preliminary study, Southern Med Review, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-16. Hussain Shahzad, Farnaz Malik, Kazi Muhammad Ashfaq, et al , (2011), Prevalence of self-medication and health-seeking behavior in a developing country, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol 5 , No 7, pp 972-978 James Henry, Shailendra S, Handu Khalid A. J, et al, (2006), Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students, Med Princ Practice, Vol 15, No 4, pp 270-275. Khalid Tanzeela, Tariq Iqbal, (2010),Trends of self medication in patients with acne vulgarus, JUMDC, Vol 1, No 1, pp 10-13. Mumtaz Yasmin, S. M. Ashraf Jahangeer, Tahira Mujtaba, et al, (2011), Self Medication among University Students of Karachi, JLUMHS, Vol 10, No 3, pp 102-105. Oshikoya K A, O F Njokanma, J A Bello, et al, (2007), Family self-medication for children in an urban area of Nigeria , Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy, Vol 8, No 3, pp 124-130. S Shveta, Jagmohan S, (2011), A study of self medication pattern in Punjab, Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 4, No 2, pp 43-46. Sawalha, Ansam F, (2007), Assessment of self-medication practice among University students in Palestine: Therapeutic and Toxicity Implications, The Islamic University Journal (Series of Natural Studies and Engineering), Vol 15, No 2, pp 67-82. SD Sontakke, Bajait CS , Pimpalkhute SA, et al, (2011), Comparative study of evaluation of self-medication practices in first and third year medical student, International Journal of Biological ; Medical Research , Vol 2, No 2, pp 561-564. Shankar PR, P Partha and N Shenoy, (2002), Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal: a questionnaire-based study, BMC Family Practice, Vol 3, No 17, pp 1-7. Twombly Eric C ; Kristen D. Holtz, (2008), Teens and the Misuse of Prescription Drugs:Evidence-Based Recommendations to Curb a Growing Societal Problem, J Primary Prevent, Vol 29, No 18, pp 503–516. WHO, (1988), The role of pharmacist in self-care and self-medication, Netherland. Wijesinghe R Pushpa, Ravindra L Jayakody, Rohini de A Seneviratne, (2012), Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural district of Sri Lanka, WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol 1, No 1, pp 28-41. Zafar Syed Nabeel, Reema Syed, Sana Waqar, et al, (2008), Self medication amongst university students of Karachi: prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 58, No 4, pp 214-217. http://apps. who. int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip32e/whozip32e. pdf How to cite Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters, Essay examples Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters Free Essays string(64) " which relax them that people facing the problem of depression\." ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods: A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results: The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion: Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words: Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as ‘nonprescription’ or ‘over the counter’ (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctor’s through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component. Support of self-care is seen as give patients’ every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects. Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues. To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor; a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health. Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him. We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. You read "Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters" in category "Papers" Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotions Self-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people. This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1:self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2: self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3: self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. : self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self m edication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents. The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,  herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practice According to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice. Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female. Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire. For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is descri bed as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens. According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers’ willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor advise; this incident observed in every developing nations. Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain; fever; flu, caught and cold; and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youth’s information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug information According to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drug’s side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the fi rst year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication. Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a day’s Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the resident’s level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general; still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medica l undergraduates has not been conducted. The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients’ every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the W orld Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state. Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Children’s According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines. The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers. Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers ;i. e; this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preferen ce of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience. Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products. Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square. According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table: 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 29. 354| 0. 007| Reject| SELF MEDICATION| 6. 425| 0. 6| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 11. 48| 0. 321| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 16. 431| 0. 37| Accept| HIGH FEES| 7. 423| 0. 492| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 12. 461| 0. 132| Accept| DANGEROUS| 10. 582| 0. 221| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 12. 285| 0. 139| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 16. 846| 0. 032| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table: 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 6. 053| 0. 195| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 3. 334| 0. 504| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 9. 368| 0. 095| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 14. 038| 0. 007| Reject| HIGH FEES| 2. 38| 0. 71| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 5. 008| 0. 286| Accept| DANGEROUS| 8. 898| 0. 064| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 2. 356| 0. 671| Accept| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 1. 361| 0. 851| Accept| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table: 3 AGE v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION| CHI SQUARE| SIG VALUE| RESULTS| | | | | MY ILLNESS| 12. 914| 0. 115| Accept| SELF MEDICATION| 7. 128| 0. 523| Accept| PRESCRIBE| 7. 612| 0. 667| Accept| LACK OF TIME| 9. 468| 0. 304| Accept| HIGH FEES| 12. 789| 0. 119| Accept| SIDE EFFECT| 2. 677| 0. 953| Accept| DANGEROUS| 11. 182| 0. 192| Accept| YOUNGSTERS| 19. 388| 0. 013| Reject| COMMUNICATION CHAIN| 15. 794| 0. 045| Reject| It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters. In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students: a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, Ethiopia Journal health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11. 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